AIDS: Impacts Escalate From Families to the World

The world always poses innumerable threats to humankind’s health and well being. Famine, flood, earthquakes, war, terrorism, epidemics and natural disasters riddle our lives with tragedy. One of the most terrifying of these killers remains silent and unseen even though it may lurk beneath the very skin of those individuals you cherish most.This terrifying phenomenon has traveled throughout the world and has settled into even the most prosperous nations. Medical advancements, educational programs and government policies have not had success in subduing the spread of this biological executioner. For over three decades, the AIDS virus has run rampant across the globe.As time goes on we see more infections and fewer solutions to the ongoing problems this virus leaves in its wake. The AIDS virus has caused a great deal of substantial and devastating impacts worldwide. To better understand those impacts, a review of the virus and its capabilities will reveal just what a powerful inf ection this microorganism causes.At first, the AIDS virus appears harmless. It does not bring about immediate impending death or even directly harsh and noticeable symptoms. Unlike that of the dreaded avian bird flu virus which killed several people in Asia with in a matter of days, the AIDS virus can afflict a body for over a decade before death ensues.This happens as a result of the immune deficiency that AIDS causes in a body. The virus itself would not bring about mortality, but for the fact that hampers its host’s immune system, leaving the person susceptible to contracting other illnesses and disease. Chronic illnesses can last for years, can reoccur constantly, and finally can destroy the AIDS afflicted individual once their immune system has broken down to the point of no survival.In this respect unlike other infections AIDS slowly kills its host, and during that slow period of transition can render a person completely incapacitated with other illnesses. This aspect o f the disease has just as much impact on the world as the impending deaths that follow.The AIDS virus transmits itself through contact with body fluids. This means, blood, semen, saliva and other body fluids have the potential to infect others. Unprotected sexual intercourse has most often received the blame for transmission, or perhaps most often gets popular media coverage.Similarly, AIDS transmission also occurs like wildfire among drug users who contract the virus using contaminated hypodermic needles. Sadly enough, cases in which a mistaken blood transfusion held the virus has also caused infection. AIDS also passes from mother to unborn child. So if the mother incurs the infection prior to giving birth, her child will likely have HIV as well.Unfortunately the threat of contracting AIDS increasingly impacts the world as lack of funding and education lead to misinformed populations.While there exist medical treatments for individuals afflicted with AIDS, the treatments only subd ue the symptoms of the virus for a time rather than eradicate the illness completely.The medical world has had considerable trouble controlling the AIDS virus and formulating a vaccine for it because of, â€Å"the ability of a virus to change its genetic structure, which, in turn, changes the very proteins in the envelope that would be targeted by a vaccine.Exactly why some viruses shift so drastically and the AIDS virus seems to be able to change its colors as fast as the classic chameleon of the viral world, the flu virus — is unclear† (Langone 150).As the previous statement explains, the rapidly mutating virus makes it nearly impossible to replicate the correct variables for an effective antibody. This impacts the world leaving the medical field at a loss for answers and people at a loss for cures.More personally, the AIDS virus impacts families around the world. When men of the family incur the virus, they most likely will unknowingly transmit it to their wives as well. Men, who act as the predominant financial supporters of the household find their health and their ability to provide for their loved ones failing.When the patriarch cannot work and bring home finances the family may find itself sliding into poverty. Especially if healthcare providers learn of the man’s illness and refuses to pay the vastly incremental costs that the malady can accrue over time.So, as the men of families contract and struggle with the affliction, the rest of the family feels the impact and later as we shall see so does the rest of the world.Women feel just as much impact from the AIDS virus and possibly more. If their husbands have unknowingly contracted the virus, chances are that wives will then incur the infection from their spouses. In some cases women in this situation may conceive children which will also have the virus upon birth. Women feel a great impact from the AIDS virus since they act as the primary caregivers of the family.Time spent at hom e caring for an ailing husband leaves them unable to find financially productive jobs in the community (â€Å"On the Socioeconomic Impact of the HIV/AIDS Epidemic†). Mothers afflicted by the AIDS virus will eventually fade like their husbands, and in doing so leave their unaffected children as orphans. The impact of AIDS in this regard has a devastating impact on the individual families as well as the world.Similarly, as mentioned above, children can feel the most severe impact of AIDS in their lives. As parents weaken and families fall deeper into poverty, children find themselves without care givers and the basic needs for food, shelter and safety go unfulfilled. If the children have contracted AIDS from their parents upon birth, they too face the impending doom as the virus ravages their immune system.Over all the effect on children can be seen as, â€Å"AIDS is decimating entire generations of productive young adults, while leaving behind a huge cohort of children withou t parents and adequate community support, vulnerable to exploitation and lacking education and livelihood opportunities† (â€Å"On the Socioeconomic Impact of the HIV/AIDS Epidemic†). This impact of AIDS on children has impounding world wide impacts as will later be discussed.Lastly, elders in the family who have not contracted the AIDS virus also feel the impact as the affliction ravages younger family members. Grandparents must often take in their orphaned grandchildren. If the elders have lost their health and capabilities, they often depend on the help and financial support of their children.With AIDS destroying their offspring, it also destroys their caregivers and financial support for health and medical needs as well. In this respect, AIDS impacts both ends of the age spectrum, both the very young and the elderly. All of these familial impacts have been felt by humans worldwide.In relation, we have seen how the AIDS virus tears apart families and impacts all pers ons of the family. These impacts further compound from individual families, eventually reaching out and affecting entire populations. The mortality rates of AIDS affect areas obviously increase. As both young children and adults die from their AIDS induced illnesses.Also, the average life expectancy of individuals drops drastically in these populations, due to the fact that AIDS transmission most often occurs in children and young adults. As stated by the article, On the Socioeconomic Impact of the HIV/AIDS Epidemic, â€Å"AIDS kills people mostly in the 15-49 year age group.†This age range of incurred infection leads to a drop in years of life as younger people die of the virus well before the normal projection of life expectancy. For example, â€Å"By 2005-2010, average life expectancy at birth in the 11 worst affected countries is projected to decrease to 44 years. instead of rising to 61 years as projected in the absence of the disease† (â€Å"On the Socioeconomic Impact of the HIV/AIDS Epidemic†).  Lastly, due to the fact that AIDS affects persons in their reproductive years, a decrease in child bearing ensues, leading to population decline in afflicted nations around the world.Over all the AIDS virus has caused a great deal of substantial and devastating impacts worldwide. Men, who act as the financial backbone of the families fall ill and can no longer provide for their families needs. The women often spend time caring for their ailing husbands rather than obtaining jobs for needed income.The women and children can also unknowingly incur infection from the men of the family. Children and elders who are not affected find themselves without care givers and financial supporters. All of this adds up to leave nations around the world with increased mortality rates, lower life expectancy rates and fewer birthrates.Also of importance to note are the economic impacts felt around the world as labor force declines the individuals affected c an no longer work. Families as well as nations slide into poverty when they cannot produce the food or materials needed due to lack of human resources.

Legal Studies †Basic Legal Concepts Essay

Law – is a set of rules that is binding the community. A set of rules that can be enforced and is officially recognized. Law must be capable or reform and change as society’s values and ethics change. Relationship between customs, rules and laws- Customs and rules govern behavior but the courts do not enforce them on community members. The community may generally see a custom as right but it is not legally enforceable. Rules, however, may punish offenders but rules only apply in certain circumstances and areas. Laws are legally sanctioned and are enforced by the courts. Although the community generally accepts all three, rules and customs do not have the same legal sanction as laws. An example of this is smoking in public restaurants. It was a custom for shop owners to provide a smoking and non-smoking section in their restaurants. Once the dangers of smoking became known rules were put in to prevent smoking in restaurants. Laws were then passed in public interest to make sure that smoking was only allowed in outdoor sections of restaurants. * They are all types of rules  * They can all be made into laws * They all regulate human behaviour * They all carry consequences when they are breeched, sanctions Values- Principals or attitudes which society sees as important. The moral principles and beliefs which reflect society’s judgment about the importance of different things. a personal belief system Ethics- a set of moral beliefs governing behaviour. Ethics define what we consider to be the right and wrong way to behave. a code of conduct; moral principles Characteristics of Just Laws * It is enforceable * It is binding on the community * It is in the public’s interest * It is discoverable * It is accepted by the community * It reflects community morality Nature of Justice * Equality- equal treatment or equal opportunity. That all people are entitled to enjoy the same rights, responsibilities, opportunities and that no one should be privileged or disadvantaged. * Fairness- achieving equal outcomes for people. Achieving reasonable and equal outcomes according to generally accepted ideas about what is right and just. * Accessible  Procedural Fairness, Principles of Natural Justice * The right to be heard * The right to have a decision made by an unbiased decision maker * The right to a decision based on logically relevant evidence Justice- a concept about what is right and wrong and what is fair and unfair. A combination of elements such as, equality, fairness and reasonableness Rule of Law – Everyone is subject to the same laws, no one is above the law. Punished equally through sanctions (penalty) Anarchy- a state of chaos resulting from the absence of laws and/or government. Tyranny – rule by a single leader holding absolute power in a nation-state

A single economic concept Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A single economic concept - Essay Example The process aims at identifying the costs that the company can reduce in the long run or ways that the company can increase its revenues in the long run which can marginally increase the element of profit for it for a given level of output or even by increasing the level of output. (Investorwords) Whichever cost is sustained by a company can be grouped into two categories which are variable costs and fixed costs. Variable costs change with the increase in the output while the fixed costs are sustained by the entity stay the same whatever be the output, which also includes zero output. When the company has attained the point where its total costs have equaled the total revenue, it has reached the point of break even and each additional product of the company will generate pure profit for which only the variable costs will be charged and the fixed cost will be spared as the breakeven has already covered them so an increase in the level of output can aid in the profitability of the company with greater margin of profit. For each unit sold or service offered, the marginal profit of the company is the difference of the revenue and the cost of that particular product. If the revenue for a unit of product is greater than the unit cost of that product then the profit for the unit is positive and vice

Intelligence Requirements - Graded Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Intelligence Requirements - Graded - Essay Example However, the more indicators that link to PIR, the more branches will therefore exist between the PIRs and SIRs. This even will lead to PIR as something that is difficult to answer.3 However, even if there is a certain degree of difficulty in it, the presence of the indicators is an essential point that will lead to a justifiable outcome of providing answers for PIRs. Indicators should be predictive.4 If they are predictive, indicators are guaranteed to be of a high quality. Staffs should therefore evaluate if the chosen indicators are predictive enough which will qualify them to provide the opportunity to provide the remarkable answers for certain PIRs. Thus, prior to using their radars and other intelligence tools, the intelligence soldiers will have to engage into the identification of the appropriate indicators that will lead them to potential answers and as prior to the appropriate moves that they will have to take.5 The answer is evident from the fact that indicators must necessarily be predictive.6 The quality of a good indicator is that it is something measurable, and there is no relevant drawback to it.7 It must be something that is substantial or enough to provide evidences that will lead to the appropriate answer prior to doing the most crucial strategy as the next course of action. In other words, this argument simply illustrates the point that it will be impractical to rely on a substandard indicators, because in the end it will also result to substandard SIRs too. As a result, the PIRs will result a substandard answers. The accuracy and efficiency of the action plan will be compromised, leading to the failure operation and possible earning of substantial cost or damage along the way.8 It is therefore important to maintain a high level of practicality for any chosen indicators, because these are essential evidences to always lead to possible courses of

The Nine book Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Nine book - Research Paper Example while looking at the import of the court (Toobin). The court through time since inception has been lucky to hear and determine matters of every nature, ranging from abortion, civil rights, freedom of speech, privacy and the rights of criminal suspects. The court by listening to and determining these matters set precedents for itself and other inferior courts of the land by which they are bound. This paper looks at some of these cases while looking to analyze them in detail (Toobin). The author in page 50 decided to look at this case because it sought to challenge a pivotal case in the abortion regime of law, the decided case of Roe v. Wade. No. 410 U.S. 113. Supreme Court. 1973 which had established the woman’s right under the 14th Amendment to procure an abortion on her own terms balanced against the state’s rights to protecting the woman’s rights and prenatal care. The Planned Parenthood case sought to propose a new legal framework to replace the status quo held by Roe v. Wade (Toobin). It sought in page 52 to introduce the concept of ‘undue burden’ to the woman, ensuring that this was the only way in which the state would have an opportunity to act on regulations against the woman’s privacy as regards the procedure. The author posits in page 58 that the final judgment of the court ensured that the Roe v. Wade had been recast by ensuring that the state would not prohibit early-term abortions which was reflective of public opinion at the time (Toobin). The issue of abortion at this point was well settled, with the majority of public opinion inkling towards the woman’s right to control her body. The one arm of society that did not feel the same way was the religious arm of society. This is because they felt that human beings were losing the religious battle by playing God in deciding whether or not a baby lives or dies. At page 90, the author informs us of the struggle by the

Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Research Paper Example Moreover, the article elaborates on the several facets of evolution. This includes the notion that all living species share a common ancestry. Consequently, the theory states that there exists a relation among the entire world’s species. The second facet pertains to the process of natural selection that drives evolution. Evidently, the natural selection process is also known as the survival of the fittest. Thus, the author offers an explanation of survival of the fittest theory or the natural selection process. Evidently, the theory was formulated by Darwin who believed that all species struggled to fight for limited resources. However, Darwin theorized that each individual species possessed a difference in gene superiority that exhibited greater survival chances. "What is Evolution?"Â  Science – AllAboutScience.org. allaboutscience.org, n.d. Web. 27 Nov. 2012. . The article begins by delving into the definition of evolution. To this end, it defines evolution as a syst ematic process whereby an organism undergoes change into a more complex and enhanced form. Moreover, the article acknowledges that the evolution theory has been used to explain life on earth. In addition, the article elaborates on the various components of evolution. ... In reference to micro evolution, the article stipulates that there are variations that occur within a species. For example, micro evolution is used to explain how wolves, foxes, dogs, coyotes, jackals and dingoes evolved from a parent pair of dogs. Incidentally, the variations occur in a downward manner and are limited by genetic codes. This means that species such as dogs do not develop new limbs such as wings and change to flying. To this end, there is neither loss in genetic information nor any further addition. On the other hand, macro evolution relates to the important or greater changes in the primary functions by organisms. Moreover, macro evolution involves change from a particular kind of animal or plant into another. In addition, it occurs after several genetic mutations as opposed to during the life of a single organism. Thus, macro evolution attempts to offer an explanation of how the millions of different species came into existence. Kim, Seongcheol, Pudur Jagadeeswaran, Vrinda Kulkarni, and Maira Carrillo. "PLOS ONE: Evolution of Primary Hemostasis in Early Vertebrates."Â  PLOS ONE: Accelerating the Publication of Peer-Reviewed Science. PLoS ONE, 1 Jan. 2009. Web. 27 Nov. 2012. http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0008403. The primary research article delves into the evolution of primary hemostasis in early vertebrates. To this end, the authors define hemostasis as a defensive system that protects an organism by stopping bleeding when an injury occurs. Evidently, the researchers discovered that the main hemostatic factors in mammals were present in the early vertebrates. Moreover, they acknowledged that the exposure of the vascularised

Vision Change Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Vision Change Analysis - Research Paper Example The vision and mission of firms are intrinsic part of its strategic planning. Organizational vision is very important because it informs about the future perspectives of the organization and its future position in the industry. The organizational mission helps formulate the processes to achieve its vision. Application of vision concept to the strategic change initiatives is imperative because it helps to adopt proactive measure to meet the challenges of changing times. Application analysis The case study of Mentor Graphics Corporation clearly displays the need to adopt strategic change initiatives within the broader context of its vision. The company repeatedly changed its vision that it had developed for its future in 10 years’ time. Its initial vision that ‘it would build something that people would buy’ was quickly changed to ‘beat Daisy’ which had fast emerged as its rival in the industry. While the new vision was able to help the company in incre asing its revenue but unfortunately the company was deprived of its creative inputs and had stagnated growth. The company again adopted new vision under ‘six boxes’ that would help it to diversify and gain market leadership in six different areas of business.

Analytical chemistry Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Analytical chemistry - Assignment Example n used in the advancement of a sensitive method that can be used to judge ABZ put in pharmaceutical formulations through the use of differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) method (Lourencao, Baccarin, Medeiros, Rocha-Filho & Fatibello-Filho, 2013). The main aim was to provide the above information on the above issue both in veterinary and human medicine. The paper adds to the few studies that have been done on electrochemical behavior and the quantification of ABZ. It also serves to add information on the use of several methods that have been used in the definition of ABZ and its main metabolites including chromatographic and spectrophotometric methods. The electrochemical behavior of the ABZ was studied using three voltammetric techniques that included cyclic voltammetry (CV), square-wave voltammetry (SWV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) methods. All the three methods were used to determine which one among them was the best in the evaluations to enable the authors come up with a trustworthy result and conclusion on the investigations. The cyclic voltammetry was used was only used for preliminary studies because it is not as sensitive and detailed as the other procedures (Lourencao, Baccarin, Medeiros, Rocha-Filho & Fatibello-Filho, 2013). The three methods were used to find the best conditions for determining ABZ. After optimization of the of the limitations of the experiment for the methods, the result was used to draw curves by adding the aliquots of the stock solution of the ABZ to electrochemical cell that had 10 mL of 0.05 mol L-1 H2SO4. All the experiments were done through an Autolab PGSTAT-30 potentiostat that was controlled by the GPES 4.9 software. The experiment also employed the use of a three-electrode sell system where a BDD electrode was the working one, an Ag electrode as the reference and the platinum wire as the auxiliary electrode. The experiment also used an LC-10 AT Shimadzu system to determine the ABZ through a high performance

Robot Lawnmowers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Robot Lawnmowers - Essay Example The sellers make their customers buy them and thus ample time is saved for attracting new clientele and persuading them to buy robot lawnmowers. This not only saves time but also offers huge profit. 2.1.3. The best robot lawnmowers that are being sold in the market holding positive feedback from the elderly and the disabled consumers include Robomower, Lawnbott, and Husqvarna Automower (Squidoo LLC, 2011). Robomower is being made by a company in Israel named Friendly Robotics, and is being traded into the US by Systems Trading Corporation (STC). Lawnbott is being made by an Italian company named Zucchetti Centro Sistemi and is being imported by Kyodo America (KA). It is marketed by the name of Ambrogio in Europe. Automower is made by a Swedish company and is imported and marketed by official Husqvarna dealers. 2.2.1.1. Robot market is developing at a fast pace since robots are making lives easier by automating the systems and leaving enough time for leisure along with saving money (Fuller, 1991). Since new technology is continuously replacing the old one, the price of robot lawnmowers is dropping and is expected to further drop in the coming years with a simultaneous increase in their usage especially by consumers who are elderly or are disabled. 2.2.1.2. The technology regarding the hardware, software and design is being improved but the component prices are dropping since the demand is increasing. The robot market is seriously considering the needs of the elderly and the disabled persons and the robot lawnmower market also consider them their biggest consumers. 2.2.3.1. The robotic mower market is expected to quadruple in the coming few years. However, at least a decade is needed for these lawnmowers to replace the contractors’ business so in the meanwhile the contractors can make use of these intelligent devices to make money in their businesses. 2.6.2. In

Ethical Matters Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ethical Matters - Research Paper Example Universal ethical principles are necessary to have considering the fact that, every profession in the world have shown that without ethical principles delivering the calling of that profession is not a guarantee. Consider a profession that deals directly with the life of a person. Without ethical principles, anyone in the profession can violate the rights of the citizens. Coming to the world of business, ethics govern back and forth the events pertaining to good business. Universal ethical principles in many occasions are a recipe for good leadership and governance. The legislations of laws governing the human nature in a given country have the spirit of universal ethics manifested in it. Universal ethics serve to bring unity and uniformity among professionals in their line of duty. It further ensures that there is a clear course to be pursued in addressing the needs of the clients. Consider the various professionals in the world, without universal ethics, the so far made technologic al advances, no one knows; maybe it would have brought disaster to the world. The 1st fundamental principle of ethics is that of respect for autonomy. Everyone has the obligation to respect the decision of others especially if it concerns their lives. This principle goes a long way in shaping a person’s character to the effect that others will appreciate the tolerance they have towards the lifestyle others. The other principle is that of beneficence; every individual has an obligation to bring about good things in whatever they engage in. the third principle is that of nonmaleficence. This principle requires of us not to harm others; and if we cannot avoid the harm, our effort should be to minimize the harm. The last fundamental principle is that of justice; this principle requires of us to accord others whatever is they are rightly owed. In public life for example, we have an obligation to treat all people equally, fairly, and impartially. Therefore, in the case where others are treated unfairly, our obligation therefore, will be to work for the benefit those who are unfairly treated (Adler, 1996) From the works of Plato and Aristotle, good life can be termed as being able to live up to the ethical and moral standards in the society. In order to live morally, one must uphold the spirit of morality, which does not depend on any benefits coming about by being moral. Consider a situation where one lies for self interest; on the contrary, it is expected that everyone can benefit if people accept self denial. People should be able to appreciate their long term interests; this is however not the case, most people subscribe to the austere view that justification of moral principles should be independent of our interests (Devettere, 2002). In doing our duties we should be foster a lifestyle in which virtue should be the only reward to enable us assume no other benefit in doing our duty. To achieve this, people should embrace contend in their lifestyle. More of ten than not, greed crops in when we are serving others and in the course of event we want to believe that whatever is ours by right is not enough so much, so that we sacrifice what belongs to others. By also embracing the call for duty to serve others, without wanting to mind of what benefits we can get out of it, we can no doubt lead a good life (Adler, 1996) . Ethics can be categorized as

Learning and Sleep Essay Example for Free

Learning and Sleep Essay Title: 234 Provide support for sleep Level: 2 Credit Value: 2 GLH 13 Learning Outcomes The learner will; Assessment Criteria The learner can; 1. Understand the importance of sleep 1Explain how sleep contributes to an individual’s well-being 2Identify reasons why an individual may find it hard to sleep 3Describe the possible short-term and long-term effects on an individual who is unable to sleep well 2. Be able to establish conditions suitable for sleep 1 Describe conditions likely to be suitable for sleep 2 Minimise aspects of the environment likely to make sleep difficult for an individual. 3 Adjust own behaviour to contribute to a restful environment 4 Describe actions to take if the behaviour or movement of others hinders an individual’s ability to sleep 3. Be able to assist an individual to sleep 1Explain the importance of a holistic approach to assisting sleep 2Encourage the individual to communicate the support they need to sleep 3Assist the individual to find a position for sleep consistent with their plan of care 4Support the individual to use aids for sleep in ways that reflect the plan of care and follow agreed ways of working 4. BE ABLE TO MONITOR SLEEP 1ESTABLISH WITH THE INDIVIDUAL. and others how sleep will be monitored 2Record agreed observations relating to the individual’s sleep and the assistance given 5. Know how to access information and advice about difficulties with sleep 1Describe situations in which additional information or assistance about sleep would be needed 2Explain how to access additional information and assistance Additional information An individual is someone requiring care or support Agreed ways of working will include policies and procedures where these exist Others may include: †¢family †¢friends †¢advocates †¢line manager †¢health professionals. †¢others who are important to the individual’s well-being Unit aim (s) This unit is aimed at those working in a wide range of settings. It provides the learner with the knowledge and skills required to establish conditions suitable for sleep and support the individual to sleep. Assessment requirements specified by a sector or regulatory body (if appropriate) This unit must be assessed in accordance with Skills for Care and Developments QCF Assessment Principles. Learning outcomes 2, 3 and 4 must be assessed in a real work environment. Details of the relationship of the unit and relevant national occupational standards HSC216.

Corporate Social Responsibility Essay Example for Free

Corporate Social Responsibility Essay Today doing business is no longer a matter of creating the best products or making the most profit, it has developed to a matter of how? Due to scandals including child labour, poor working conditions and neglect of safety and health regulations, companies worldwide have been forced to revaluate their moral and ethical standards. Consumers are now caring about much more than just the product, which compel companies to monitor manufactures, secure labour standards and to be aware of the environment. This new phenomenon is called Corporate Social Responsibility or by its shortening CSR. Some companies like HM or Zara have rejected to be involved in CSR. Others have taken CSR to a whole new level. Nike Inc. has during the past years not only followed the recent development within CSR but the apparel mastodon has also evolved to be a role model. Nike has as many other companies renewed their supply chain and methods of manufacturing. Their newest motto â€Å"Innovative for a better world† describes their efforts at the most, but their new system of ranking manufactures, their Materials Sustainability Index that provides designers with information on the potential environmental impact of the products they use, recycling program of old shoes and their new manufacturing process of their recent shoe â€Å"Flyknit† with minimal waste speaks for it self. Nike has with these investments proved they are willing to â€Å"Innovate for a better world† but how does it affect Nikes marketing environment and will these investments comply with the overall concept: Making money? Nike is market leader within athletic products worldwide and is considered the 26th most powerful brand by Forbes. The athletic brand has an annual turn over on 21.8 billion dollars and spends 2.7 billion dollars on advertising every year. The importance of Nike is not to be mistaken. Therefore their latest investments in CSR are a huge boost to the issue. Many huge companies such as HM and Zara have rejected to invest in CSR although their have been numerous scandals of poor working condition and child labour, which shows not all companies are willing to invest in sustainability and social causes. Nike has actually been involved in such  scandals, but denied all accusations. Nike has however with these new methods shut up all the critics. The company has been known for innovate shoes and closes to new standards and has used their strength in innovation to create new business methods: â€Å"Our vision is clear: to help NIKE, Inc. and our consumers thrive in a sustainable economy where people, profit and planet are in balance† . Nike is, according to this quote, trying to accomplish the almost impossible and create a win–win situation for the company it self and its marketing environment. But is this possible? I believe so! They have created better work conditions for employees of their manufactures because of the pressure Nike has put on theme. Nike rate the manufactures with gold, silver and bronze medals and have set the goal of all manufactures should have a bronze medal by 2020. And although Nike has made huge investments in innovating their products to new manufacturing and product standards with focus on low environmental damage and a lot of recycling and therefore probably raised their prices, consumers actually stand by Nikes new methods although raised prices usually do not get the approval of the average consumer. Nikes revenue has increased from 18,528 million dollar in 2009 to 25,313 million dollar in the fiscal year of 2013. This could be caused by the increased prices of their products but Nikes return on invested capital has followed the same development and has increased from 17.8 % in 2009 to 23,8 % in the fiscal year of 2013. What is more, all this is accomplished during a very difficult financial period, which only gives Nike extra credit. Furthermore Nike is increasing the competitive situation when they implement other competitive parameters than just product or price. Nike is also forcing the consumers to make a choice: Cheap products manufactured by brands, who do not have the same CSR – profile as Nike and therefore do not care about sustainability, the environment or employees of the manufactures, who often work under poor conditions and put their lives on the risk every day, just to make some close or Nike who are trying to do the right thing and change these things. I am a big fan of Nike’s new manufacturing methods! They seem to have made  the impossible and made a win – win situation. They keep innovating new clothing and shoes, which becomes popular the moment it hits the market. And they accomplish this wonder contemporary with investing in better work conditions, sustainability and low environmental damage. Additionally they keep improving their accounting figures, even in difficult financial times! Absolutely amazing in my opinion! B: Blog Then it happened again. A huge company forgot to do their research properly. We have seen it before when the Japanese car manufacturing giant Mazda named their car â€Å"MR2†, which means faeces in the French language or when Warner Brothers named their new big movie wonder â€Å"Free Willy†, which is not the nicest word in the British language. This time it was the American athletic brand Nike, which released their new shoe â€Å"Black and Tan† close to St. Patrick’s Day. It was a tribute to the huge beer brewery Guiness, which also inspires the shoe, which includes an illustration of a beer in the sole. Usually that kind of shoe would have been popular among the beer loving Irish people. But Nike’s marketing people forgot one thing: The Black and Tan was a violent British paramilitary, which ravaged the Irish independence wars and among this the atrocities of Bloody Sunday. Not a name you want to use for a shoe honoring the Irish peoples most favo rite company. And Nike has experienced the consequences of the mistake. Nike has put a lot of money into innovating and advertising the shoe, which only makes the fault bigger. Some simple research or a Googling of â€Å"Black and Tan† could have averted the problem. Nike has now made a shoe to tribute Guiness that they cannot sell in Ireland. It may have ruined Nikes reputation and brand in Ireland and it has cost Nike million of dollars in manufacturing the shoe and may even cost billions of dollars in losses of future sales in Ireland. Hopefully Nike and other companies have learned their lesson and in the future understand the importance of cultural research.

Human Capital Development in Malaysia

Human Capital Development in Malaysia The study intends to look into the Human Capital Development in Malaysia: Challenges and Prospects. In 10th Malaysia Plan, Federal Government is more focus on non- physical development (Human Capital Development). It shows that the ratio of allocation on non- physical projects and physical projects has changed from 22:78 during the 9th Malaysia Plan to 40:60 in the 10th Malaysia Plan. Due to the shift in allocation, we will evaluate the past performance of the 9th Malaysia Plan to the development of human capital development and whether the past performance can affect the sudden shift to the non- physical projects in 10th Malaysia Plan. After that, we will discuss further about the challenges facing by human capital development and its possible solutions. Moreover, we are also focus on the policies implemented, the impacts and also the future directions due to the increment of the human capital development. Keywords: Human Capital Development, Challenges and Prospects, Past Performance of Human Capital Development, Policies, Impacts, Future Directions. 2.0 PROBLEM STATEMENT Human capitals refer to the processes that related to the education, training and other professional initiatives in order to improve or increase the level of knowledge, skills, abilities, values and social assets. Non- physical projects are referring to the human capital development or skills development. Examples of non- physical projects are initiatives to enhance profession attractiveness and improve teacher performance, RD investments, skill and re-skilling programmed, venture funding geared and nurturing of technopreneurs. Human capital development is getting wider attention due to the globalization. Developing country is more emphasis on the development of human capital towards accelerating the economic growth by putting more efforts on it. Thus, human capital development is playing a very important role in Malaysian economy. Malaysia appears to be stuck in the middle income trap. It is going to be a challenge for Malaysia to achieve its Vision 2020 by the target year. One of the reason for Malaysia failed to escape from the trap is Malaysia unable to compete with other country such as Taiwan and South Korea. For Taiwan, it has been identified as one of the fastest growing economies for the past 50 years and its improvement also has been honored as economic miracle. Taiwan is well known for its high technology industries over the past two decades. It has been identified has the fourth largest information hardware and semiconductor industries in the world presently. Moreover, the high quality and innovative products that make from Taiwan are sold worldwide. The other reasons are Malaysia is lack of skilled workers. We are unable to attract skilled foreigners to our country while skilled Malaysians are leaving. If we compared with those advanced countries such as Norway and Switzerland, both of these countries are more focus on nurturing highly skilled human resources rather than expensive mega projects. However, the development of human capital in Malaysia is not as well-established as these countries. Why does this phenomenon occur? This might happened because of some of the reasons such as the previous administration are more focus on the expensive mega projects that causes the human resource development scheme failed to develop. Moreover, Malaysia is lack of skilled workforce and Malaysia hope can be more productive and innovative. As a result, it can explain that why the government will sudden shift the allocation for non- physical projects from the ratio of 22:78 during 9th Malaysia Plan to 40:60 during 10th Malaysia Plan. 3.0 OBJECTIVES We are going to discuss the six main objectives in our research paper. First of all, we are going to evaluate the past performance of the 9th Malaysia Plan to the development of human capital. It is to ensure that whether the commitment, outputs and the expected outcomes during the 9th Malaysia Plan can affect the shift in allocation for the non- physical projects (human capital development). Besides, we want to determine the factors that cause the increment allocation for the non- physical projects. We know that from the previous administration in which the government is more focus on the expensive mega projects, but our country is still stuck in the middle income. We are now in the critical juncture; the government soon realizes that to transform Malaysia into a high income and develop country, the development of the human capital is playing a very important role. Other than that, we want to identify the challenges facing by human capital development. We are either remaining in the middle- income group or advance to a high- income economy. To doing so, we need to change and seek solutions in addressing the global economic challenges and find its possible solutions. Moreover, the study is going to find out the policies implemented for the development of human capital. Strategy must be come out and implement to improve the human capital development in Malaysia. Finally, the study is aim to find out the impacts due to the increment of the human capital development to the growth of Malaysian economy and it is also want to identify the future directions of the development of human capital in Malaysia. 4.0 METHODOLOGY In our research, we referred to Secondary Data. Our data had been taken in statistics for skilled human capital, journals, articles and internet sources. One of the example of the materials we referred are the statistics of the skilled human capital during the 9th Malaysia Plan by Ministry of Higher Education, Ministry of Human Resource, Ministry of Youth and Sports and Construction Industry Development Board. Moreover, we are also referred to the Nine Malaysian Plan (2006-2010) and Tenth Malaysian Plan (2011-2015). 5.0 Literature Review In Malaysia, starting from Ninth Malaysia Plan, innovation capability was given attention. The development of human capital is very important in generating the economic performance in one country. There is a positive linkage between development of human capital and growth of Malaysia. Many studies had found that human capital affects many aspects at all level. Dension (1962) and Schultz (1961) state that human capital can increase an individuals wages, firms productivity and hence increase the growth of national economy. Besides that, Vinokur et al., (2000) also point out that the employment rate will increase due to the development of human capital. Lepak and Snell (1999) find that firm can strengthen core competence and comparative advantages through development of human capital. Aurora Teixeira Natercia Fortuna (2003) also confirm that human capital and indigenous innovation efforts are enormously important to the process of Portuguese economic growth during the period 1960-2001, through the R D. On the other hand, indirectly, through creative and innovation capability, showing that development of human capital is important to enable a country to gain the benefits. Rob A. Wilson and Geoff Briscoe (2004) in their report on vocational training research in Europ e: A review of the impact of human capital on economic growth focus on increase of investment in education training will lead to higher productivity. The relation between the investment in human capital and economic performance are reviewed through human resource management and so on. In our research paper, we will review on the challenges and prospect of the development of human capital. Besides that, we also will focus on the impact of the development of human capital on the short term and long term growth of Malaysia. We admit that there are some challenges in the future, but overall, the impact on investment in education and training on economic growth is positive and significant. Some policies are drawn to achieve the goal. The direction for future also predicted. 6.0 INTRODUCTION Human capitals refer to the processes that related to the education, training and other professional initiatives in order to improve or increase the level of knowledge, skills, abilities, values and social assets. Since independent in 1957, the economic activities of the country depended on the products such as rubber and tin in which it is playing an important role for the economic growth of the country. Under the twenty years plan which starts from 1970-1990, the economic of the country showed a stable growth from being an agriculture-based economy in1970s to industrial-based economy in 1980s. Due to the industrialization, the government soon realizes that human capitals in the industrial sector are the main driving factor for the countrys economic growth. As a result, the government began to develop the human resources in order to maintain economic growth and remain the competition in the global market. Human capital is getting emphasis since from the 1st Malaysia Plan until the 10th Malaysia Plan which is the most recent start from 2011-2015. For example, Malaysias Eighth Development Plan emphasizes on shifting the growth of the economy from the input driven economy towards knowledge driven economy. Moreover, it is also focusing on increasing the productivity and efficiency through human resources development, increasing RD as well as utilizing the latest technologies especially information communication technologies (ICT). Furthermore, Ninth Malaysia Plan has placed investments in human capital as the main thrust of its strategy. The aim of the 9th Malaysia Plan is in order to develop the efficiency and talented workforce thus can enhance the national productivity and growth. Although the government is putting emphasis on the development of human capital, Malaysia still cannot advance to a high-income economy. Malaysia still stuck in the middle-income trap and it is going to be a challenge for Malaysia its Vision 2020 by the target year. Under the 9th Malaysia Plan, 78% of the allocation was set aside for the physical development versus to just 60% for 10th Malaysia Plan. As a result, federal government realized the importance of human development and the improvement in the living standards thus it is more focus on the non-physical projects (human capital development) in the 10th Malaysia Plan. It shows that the ratio of allocation on non-physical projects is 40% versus to just 22% in the 9th Malaysia Plan. Examples of non-physical projects are initiatives to enhance profession attractiveness and improve teacher performance, skill and re-skilling programmes, RD investment, nurturing of technopreneurs and also venture funding geared. In the recent budget 2011 that announced by our Prime Minister Datuk Seri Najib Razak, Malaysia needs to move from the middle-income to transform into an inclusive and sustainable high-income developed country by 2020 which emphasizing the high-skilled human capital, efficient public services and also the equal opportunity for all Malaysians. Highly skilled labor especially scientists and engineers are important in order to support the further development of the economy growth. Thus, the government needs to implement the policies in order to enhance the productivity as well as attracting more high-skilled labor from abroad. 7.0 MID-TERM REVIEW OF THE 9th MALAYSIA PLAN(2006-2010)-DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN CAPITAL. During the first half of the 9th Malaysia Plan, the stable development was made in moving up the economy of Malaysia. There is a lot of evolutions were made in the new growth areas of service sector such as Information and Communication Technology (ICT), telecommunication, tourism, Islamic finance and shared service and outsourcing (SSO). Service sector was trying to transforms to the skilled intensive and high technology activities with the support by research and development (RD). The policy and strategy framework for the mid-term review of 9th Malaysia Plan is actually based on the five thrusts. Two among the five thrusts are related to human capital development. Thrust1: To move the economy up the value chain. In thrust 1, government is focus on enhancing productivity and competitiveness of the human capital. The supply of proficient workers with the necessary skills especially in Islamic banking finance, agriculture biotechnology will be increased due to the demand of the labor market. Besides, government will increase the intakes into skill training institutes as well as expand the offering of the specialized courses. Not only that, the linkages between university and industry will be enhanced by improving the curriculum design in order to produce graduates with the relevant knowledge and skills that required by industry. Thrust 2: To raise the capacity for knowledge and innovation and nurture first class mentality. In thrust 2, government putting a lot of effort in order to develop the human capital and it basically based on the five strategic. The first one is enhancing education quality, followed by making national school as the preferred choice, creating tertiary education institutions of international standing, developing quality RD and improving scientific innovative ability. Evaluation about the human capital development during 9th Malaysia Plan From the chart 1, we can know that the amount of skilled labor during 9th Malaysia Plan is increasing and the skilled labor in public sector is actually more than the private sector. In year 2005, there are total 76027 skilled labor in Malaysia while in year 2007, the total amount of skilled labor in Malaysia is 83202. Government was expected that the skilled labor in year 2010 will probably reach to 112745 peoples. Chart 2 shows that the share of labor force with high skill is always high in advanced countries. There are only 25% of the total workforce in Malaysia composed of highly skilled workers in year 2007, compared to significantly higher proportion in Singapore, Taiwan and Korea. Singapore is only a small country without the support of natural resources. However the skilled labor in Singapore is much higher than Malaysia. There are 49% of them are skilled labor in Singapore while for Taiwan and Korea, there are 33% and 35% respectively of them are skilled labor. Therefore, we can conclude that even though the skilled workers in Malaysia during 9th Malaysia Plan is increasing but it is only increase in a very little amount. Malaysia still cannot compete with others developed countries. The transformation to becomes a knowledge-based economy have increased the demand for knowledge workers. Thus, a lot of effort is needed in order to achieve high income nation and also Vision 2020. 8.0 FACTORS THAT CAUSES SHIFT IN ALLOCATION Previous administration focusing on building infrastructure In the previous administration, the government is more focus on building infrastructures, while various human resource developments failed to transform Malaysia into a high-income and develop country. This can prove during the Mahathir era which was characterized by expensive mega projects such as a $2.4 billion Bakun Dam hydroelectric project; Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA) that cost a $2.36 billion; an $8.1 billion for the building infrastructure of the new administrative capital (Putrajaya); and the $752 million PETRONAS Twin Towers. The Bakun Dam is the second largest dam in the world, after the Three Gorges in China. In the process of built this dam, there are about 69,640 hectares of forest ecosystem being completely destroyed when the water is impounded behind the dam. For Mahathir, this kind of expensive mega projects can serve as a catalyst for the economic growth. For us, we will feel that, instead of building such dam that can harm the environment, the government should focus more on the human resources development. For example, government can invest more money in education or skill training programmes. This will be much better because a countrys economic growth is highly depends on a better allocation of human resources. During the Budget 2011 Plan that announced few weeks ago, our Prime Minister Datuk Seri Najib Tun Razak proposed to build a 100-storey mega tower along with other mega projects. This mega tower is cost about RM 5 billion in which it is a huge of money. The building, named Warisan Merdeka or Heritage of Independence would be the tallest in Malaysia compare with the PETRONAS Twin Towers that completed in 1998. After our Prime Minister announced the plan during the Budget 2011, many people are voice out against the building of the mega tower. The citizens think that the project as being more detrimental to Malaysia rather than beneficial. If compared with other high income advanced countries such as Norway and Switzerland, both of these countries are much focus on nurturing highly skilled resources rather than all these kinds of building infrastructures. Based on the chart 3, we can see that the shift in allocation for the non-physical projects and physical projects under the 9th Malaysia Plan and 10th Malaysia Plan. From the pie chart, we can see that during the 9th Malaysia Plan, physical projects are putting emphasis which is 78% versus 60% in the 10th Malaysia Plan. While in the 10th Malaysia Plan, non-physical projects are getting more important which included 40% if compare with 22% under the 9th Malaysia Plan. Lacking of skilled workforce Highly skilled labor is required to support the further development of the economy. The Star Online, 6th August 2010 stated that only 23% of Malaysias 11 million workforces are skilled, including those with higher education degrees. This make Malaysia as one of the country with the least qualified workers in the region. Besides, Singapore has more than 40% of the skilled labors while the country likes Hong Kong, Taiwan and South Korea, its skilled labors are over around 40%. In the Western Europe, the percentage of the skilled labors is even higher than 70%. The Star Online, 6th August 2010 also stated that the Deputy Human Resources Minister Datuk Maznah Mazlan said that the lacking of the skilled and qualified workers in Malaysia can slowdown the economic growth and the economic progress within the country. Moreover, the low number of the qualified workers would not attract so much foreign direct investment (FDI), thus, it may be challenges for Malaysia to transform into a high inc ome and develop country by its target year. Other than that, the Minister of the Human Resources also hopes that by the end of the 10th Malaysia Plan, the countrys percentage of skilled workers must increase to 37%. In addition, the government is also plan to increase the salary because with highly skilled it must met with the higher salaries. To move the economy to high value chain, it is important to develop the potential to innovate and create new technology as well as design much more new products. Our Science and technology and Research and Development were partly constrained by the short of scientists and engineers. The number of scientists and engineers per million populations in year 1998 was 500 compared with 2600 for the country like Singapore and Korea. In addition, during 2004, Malaysia had only 21 research scientists and engineers for every 10,000 workforce. In the 9th Malaysia Plan, the target was set to achieve 50 per 10,000 workforces by the year 2010. Due to this, the government had implemented the National Brain Gain Programmes, it is aim to attract scientists and engineers worldwide to conduct research and development (RD) in Malaysia. Policies are also very important in order to increase the ability of the education system to enhance the mobility of the workers as well as attracting more highly-skilled labors from abroad. Malaysia wants to be driven by productivity, innovation and no longer by factor accumulation Productivity and innovation are needed to drive the economy. To achieve the Vision 2020, Malaysians need to be more productive and innovative. The Vision 2020 sets new and higher goals for the national aspiration and changed the way Malaysians behave. Factor accumulation here is refer to the labor and capital that will produce goods and services in the economy and in the long run, it will produce output thus can increase the economic growth. When the labors are driven by productivity and innovative, it can directly make them to be more productive in order to use the capital and technology more efficiently. Eventually, this will improve their performance towards their jobs. When the labors are become more productive, eventually it can enhance the competitiveness between the firms. Hence, it can stimulate the economic of our country. 9.0 CHALLENGES SOLUTIONS The Government of Malaysia is committed to develop the human capital; however, it is still a long journey to go. Malaysia still stands at the starting point of the development of human capital. Malaysia in the way transforming to knowledge based economy, believes that developing the human capital is compelling. Concomitant with development of human capital, there are some challenges have emerged. The first one is inappropriate of the education system. The education system did not meet with the expectations and demand of the job market. It causes the rising unemployment among graduates. There are total 70% graduates unemployed. Table 1 shows the statistic of the unemployment among university graduates (include foreign graduates). The statistic shows that there are total 20thousand graduates are unemployed. There are 16.2% are from the University of Technologi Mara, which is double to the second highest one, 7.6% from University Utara Malaysia. Only 0.2% is from the Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris. From the data, we can know that the skills they learn are mismatch with the demand of the market. Malaysia education system is a cap with memorizing without critical thinking and practical or analytic skills to improve creativity. It does not make any sense to the demand of the job market. To face this challenge, it is compulsory to review the school curriculum to generate creativity. Curriculum should be designed to ensure graduates equipped with relevant knowledge and skills that meet the requirement of job markets. Life-long learning should be promoted. Students can gain extra knowledge not only from the school but also from other sources. Habit of study should not be encourages in schooling hours only, but have to maintain among the whole life. Teacher also can use interactive multimedia technology to promote teaching. Second challenge is the brain drain problem. There were about 700,000 talented Malaysians working abroad. Below are the statistics about the emigration of employed person. Table 2 shows that the number and percentage distribution of employed persons by migration status, Malaysia, 1992, 1997, 2002 and 2007. At year 1992, there are 7,047,800 of Malaysians are employed with 0.8% are migrant abroad and at the year of 2007, there are 0.5% of Malaysia are emigrate from the total of 10,538,100 people. Instead, this phenomenon is due to pull factor such as high wages from overseas and push factor such as unfair problem in Malaysia. Malaysia brain drains problem appears to be picking up speed. According to recent report, 140,000 after the country and this figure more than doubled to 350,000 between 2008 and 2009. We are now losing talented people and one of the main problems is the flight of graduates. To take over the challenge, Dato Sri Najib Tun Razak had announced and formulates policies to encourage highly-educated immigrants to go back, which is Malaysia Talent Corporation. This policy also aimed to seize the countrys growing brain drain problem. Malaysia Talent Corporation is to find out the reason that can make them to consider going back to Malaysia and at the same time generate more business prospects and pay them higher wages than global wages. Besides that, government of Malaysia also can invest in other potential talented people to expand countrys capacity to generate p eople skilled in enabling technologies that drive the knowledge economy, either in domestic or from foreign. The third and also the last challenge are workers attitude and mindset toward their job. It found that it is easy for the worker to enhance the skills, but not the attitude. Workers are mainly not committed to the job, not full attendance and traditional thinking. Furthermore, the worst is the employees are found that they are lack commitment in learning and training. To overcome this challenge, first of all, workers have to change their mindset and attitude. The company also can deal the challenge through empowerment. Corporations can humanize the work environment so that management and employees can work together to enhance the productivity and achieve greater personal and professional success. Through the empowerment, it can involve employees in taking responsibility for improve them and encouraging employees to play more active role in their work. 10.0 POLICIES STRATEGIES To achieve vision 2020 associated with high income nation, there need some policies and strategies to achieve the outcomes. Malaysia First Human Capital Development Report launched by Ministry of Science, Technology Innovation (MOSTI), Malaysian Biotechnology Corporation (BiotechCorp) and global research house Frost Sullivan to access development of human capital in field of life science and biotech. This Malaysia First Human Capital Development Report targeted to access the needs of the biotech industry in order to meet the qualified and talented Malaysians in biotechnology. The report is an instrumental to move Malaysia forward. The first important step to move it forward is the continued expansion coactions in lab, universities, companies and so on in domestic or international. Besides that, through the report, it can provide the excellent platform for bridge the skills gap in the biotechnology sector. It also can facilitate the professionals through nurturing local talents or sourcing them outside from Malaysia. The report shows the result with evident that there was an increase demand of job in bio technology sectors. Jobstreet shows a list that 41,000 of people had successful being employed under biotechnology industry. The increased requirement of professionals is the successful of the implementation policies and strategies. The other policies and strategies that had implemented is National Key Result Area (NKRA). NKRA is introduced by our Prime Minister, Dato Seri Najib Abdul Razak to improve Malaysians lives. The education NKRAs is targeted at improving student outcomes and is anchored upon four areas: (i) Pre-school enrolments rates, (ii) High performing schools, (iii) Literacy and Numeracy Screening (LINUS) programme, and (iv) New deal for head teachers and principals. To this end, High Performing Schools (HPS) and the School Improvement Programme (SIP) are two strategies that have been adopted in the part of the NKRA. High Performing Schools is improvement of the learning environment. Through HPS, a well-designed school with adequate facilities will built to perform at a highest level, truly enhance the performance and make the learning become more fun and enjoyable. While School Improvement Programme also aimed to increase the performance of school to international level associated with HPS. Beside s that, student outcome can be improving through a quality education such as Government Transformation Programme. There are four imperatives to to improving student outcome, which is ensure every child succeeds, hold schools accountable for changes in student outcomes, invest in great leaders for every school and attract and develop top teachers. Research has found that an improvement in the performance of the school lead to a positive impact on student outcomes. 11.0 IMPACTS Malaysia manage to achieve Vision 2020 on the target year Malaysia is a country which is really very rich in natural resources. However the wealth in natural resources was not sufficient to cause Malaysia to achieve a developed nation status. Vision 2020 will successfully achieve if human resource development is being given top priority by the government of Malaysia. No one could ever deny that investment in human capital is an essential requirement for Malaysia to achieve the status of industrialization. The high educational level of the citizens is one of the characteristics of developed nations. Every child is a national treasure and future leader to our country, despite of which races they are. Therefore, human capital development that is start from childhood is very important in order to raise the children with good values and knowledge. The national education system which is focus on philosophy skills, personality building, creativity, innovation and competitiveness can nurture the citizens who are excellent in morality and qualified in physical and mental. In addition, Malaysia is also not suppose to forget that to put more effort in build more schools, hostels, facilities and equipment modernization, as well as maintain the quality of the teaching profession. If we really could make it, Malaysia can really be a united nation by 2020, with a confident Malaysian society, imbued with strong moral and ethical values, living in a society that is democratic, broadminded, compassionate, and in full ownership of the economy, competitive, self-motivated, trustworthy and sustainable. Malaysia moving towards high quality human capital In this increasingly competitive world, most of the nations are putting their attention on the knowledge, talents and skills of the populace. In 10th Malaysia Plan, the allocation for non-physical infrastructure will be increased to 40%, compared with 21.8% in 9th Malaysia Plan. From that we can know that there is a lot of effort which is putting by the government in order to develop the non-physical projects such as skills development and strong innovation capabilities. As to ensure the workers to own the necessary relevant skills and be able to adapt to a speedily and continuously changing global technological and business environment, Malaysia is starting to focus on retraining and upgrading of skills of both employees and employers. Thus, there are more skilled and knowledge-based workers in Malaysia by year 2020. Private sector was also been encouraged to invest in non-physical infrastructure and provide skill training services to their workers. They will emphasis on build a wor kforce which expertise in technology, management and have entrepreneurial potential. By this, the development of non-physical project will be more efficient since private sector and government work hard together to fulfill the goal to becoming a high quality human capital nation. Skilled labor is an important asset to enhance nations competitiveness in the global market. According to the latest IMD World Competitiveness Scoreboard 2010 Report, Malaysia was at 10th position. It was higher than China which was only ranking 18th. This was really a great achievement for Malaysia to motivate the citizens for moving forward and remain competitive on the global front. Improvement in RD sector RD is important especially in science and technology sector. For example, if the world wants to reduce its dependence on fossil fuel that causing the global warming, scientists need to find some clean and cheap alternative that require little energy to replace the reliance of the fossil fuel. All of these need a lot of research and experiment to make it a success. The European Commission reported in 1997 that even though Malaysia is the worlds third largest exporter of EE products, but then Malaysias RD intensity was relatively low and the amount of scientists and engineers

Use of Violence as the Main Reason for Mussolinis Consolidation of Pow

Use of Violence as the Main Reason for Mussolini's Consolidation of Power from 1922-1928 Introduction  · Several reasons why Mussolini was able to consolidate his power between 1922 and 1928, such as Mussolini?s actions and strategy, co-operation from the elite and the failure of his opposition.  · However, I believe the most significant reason was the use of violence. Paragraph 1: Use of Violence  · July 1923: The Chamber, surrounded by Blackshirts, passed the Acerbo Law. This said that the party gaining the most votes in an election, provided that they obtained at least 25% of the votes, would take two-thirds of the seats.  · April 1924: Militia violence during the election. 1 Socialist candidate killed; meetings were stopped; hostile voters were intimidated and the Blackshirts stood next to the poling stations to frighten people into voting for the Fascists. Some Fascist voters were allowed to vote many times each. The ras had a virtually free hand in intimidating opponents in the small towns in the provin...

Macbeths Numerous Atmospheres :: Free Macbeth Essays

Macbeth's Numerous Atmospheres       The atmospheres in William Shakespeare's Macbeth are numerous, but begin as one surrealistic atmosphere initially with the witches' appearance at the outset. From there the atmosphere is incrementally added to regularly.    Charles Lamb in On the Tragedies of Shakespeare comments on the atmosphere surrounding the play:    The state of sublime emotion into which we are elevated by those images of night and horror which Macbeth is made to utter, that solemn prelude with which he entertains the time till the bell shall strike which is to call him to murder Duncan, - when we no longer read it in a book, when we have given up that vantage-ground of abstraction which reading possesses over seing, and come to see a man in his bodily shape before our eyes actually preparing to commit a muder, if the acting be true and impressive as I have witnessed it in Mr. K's performance of that part, the painful anxiety about the act, the natural longing to prevent it while it yet seems unperpetrated, the too close pressing semblance of reality,give a pain and an uneasiness [. . .]. (134)    D. F. Bratchell in Shakespearean Tragedy record's Charles Lamb's consideration of   Macbeth's atmosphere as essential to the purpose of the play:    For Lamb the essence of the tragedy in Macbeth lies in the poetically suggested atmosphere of horror and evil impulse, readily seized upon by the imagination of the perceptive reader, whereas stage representation concentrates the mind on the action. (133-34) Roger Warren comments in Shakespeare Survey 30 , regarding Trervor Nunn's direction of Macbeth at Stratford-upon-Avon in 1974-75, on opposing imagery used to support the opposing atmospheres of purity and black magic:    Much of the approach and detail was carried over, particularly the clash between religious purity and black magic. Purity was embodied by Duncan, very infirm (in 1974 he was blind), dressed in white and accompanied by church organ music, set against the black magic of the witches, who even chanted 'Double, double to the Dies Irae. (283) L.C. Knights in the essay "Macbeth" mentions equivocation, unreality and unnaturalness in the play - contributors to an atmosphere that may not be very realistic:    The equivocal nature of temptation, the commerce with phantoms consequent upon false choice, the resulting sense of unreality ("nothing is, but what is not"), which

Time Management Strategies Essay -- Time Management Skills

Time Management Strategies Time management has been one of the greatest hurdles of my scholastic career. Sadly it improves gradually. Procrastination was the name of the game for me for a while. Needless to say, I had poor time management skills. I would often wonder why I would let myself do this almost every time I had to do something. I didn’t like the trend I was in and I needed another way to get things done. Then I realized that being a procrastinator only hindered my potential of becoming the student I knew I could be. So with a little more discipline I am able to do my work to the best of my ability. I have taken some classes in the past that dealt with this subject. So all the tricks of the trade were imprinted into my brain. The tough thing was to put that knowledge to use. In this paper I want to find some more interesting things about time management and bring them to the forefront. I’ll begin with some obvious solutions to time management. First off I am going to name the most used solution, make a plan. When you plan out what your going to do, how your going to do it, and when your going to do each step of it, things become much easier to accomplish. Planning is essential to a productive workday or a completed job. Planning begins right away. When you get your assignment or job to do. You must plan how you are going to make time to accomplish this job. Secondly you should reduce distractions. Distractions can range from telephones, computers, internet, anything on your desk, television, basically anything that will take your attention away from your work. Writing a paper on your computer is an easy way to distract yourself from your work. Although you can’t eliminate all distractions, you can train yourself... ... assist myself in becoming a more organized person I can be. I am glad that I had the opportunity to research this topic and will strive to be less of a procrastinator. References 1. Ward, Susan (n.d.), 11 Time Management Tips Part 1: Coming To Grips With The Time Management Myth,http://sbinfocanada.about.com/cs/timemanagement/a/timemgttips.htm 2. (n.a.) (n.d.) Time Management for High School Students http://www.collegeboard.com/student/plan/collegesuccess/116.html 3. Myers, Barbara, 2003-2007, 10 easy time management tips http://www.ineedmoretime.com/timetips.htm 4. Pausch, Randy, Carnegie Mellon University, (n.d.) Time Management, http://www.alice.org/Randy/timetalk.htm#Introduction 5. Casey, John, reviewed by Chang, Louise, MD (n.d.) 6 Tips for better Time Management http://www.webmd.com/balance/guide/6-tips-for-better-time-management

Choose at least two social work theories; explain their main principles, advantages and disadvantages and apply them to the assessment, planning and intervention in one of the case studies provided below.

Introduction Recognition of the importance of evidence and theory-based practice in social work has grown in recent years (Webb, 2001). Their importance in this field of work should be encouraged as early as possible. Students of social work should be encouraged to explore theories that can not only help them to better understand and work with service users but also help them to handle personal issues that may arise through the course of their work (Trotter and Leech, 2003). This essay will explore the advantages and disadvantages of three theories that are currently applied to social work practice and use them in the assessment, planning and intervention of a case study. Social Learning Theory Social learning theory was first developed by Albert Bandura and colleagues (1961, 1963, 1977) after they observed that children had a strong tendency to imitate adult role models who exhibited either aggressive or non-aggressive behaviour toward a life-sized doll known as ‘Bobo’. Furthermore, this imitation behaviour was strengthened when the role model was the same sex as the child. Bandura et al. (1961, 1963) concluded that children learn behaviour through observing the behaviour of adults around them. Since these early studies, there have been numerous other papers supporting social learning theory, especially in the arenas of crime, violence and aggression (Akers et al., 1979; Foshee, Bauman and Linder, 1999; Pratt et al., 2010). Social learning theory is applicable to social work because it provides an easy to understand theory by which social workers can understand the behaviour of service users. It is a theory to which most people can relate and can provide a rel atively easy basis on which to build suitable interventions. Nevertheless, there were some concerns about the methodology of the Bobo doll study. For example, the study lacked ecological validity because the target of aggression was a toy and children may have been far less likely to have imitated aggression toward another person or an animal.AdvantagesA strength of social learning theory is its high applicability to real life. It is an easy to understand theory and the concepts are clear, and it can therefore be applied by most people in a wide range of situations. It has also been found to be successful in accounting for and explaining a wide range of behaviours including binge drinking (Durkin, Wolfe and Clark, 2005), police misconduct (Chappell and Piquero, 2004) and even software piracy (Higgins, 2006). Therefore, another strength of social learning theory is that it can be tested empirically because it is possible to develop a study design that can demonstrate whether or not i ndividuals learn behaviour through observing others carry out that behaviour. Social learning theory is able to account for the great variability of behaviour that individuals demonstrate and acknowledges that our reactions to different situations are likely to at least partly reflect the reactions displayed by significant others such as parents and friends.DisadvantagesOne criticism of social learning theory is that it focuses too heavily on social aspects. Our social environments and the behaviour of our role models do assert some degree of influence on our own behaviour. Despite this, there are numerous other influences that can serve to influence our behaviour and the way that we react to our surroundings. These may include genetics as well as the role of reinforcement (Skinner, 1948, 1958), by which some behaviours are repeated because they produce a positive outcome whereas others are ceased because they cause a negative outcome. Social learning theory also fails to adequately account for cultural influences on an individual’s learned behaviours. The theory also tends to downplay the cognitive processes of the child. It assumes that children will automatically copy any behaviour they have observed, without taking into account that the child may use other cognitive information to make a decision as to whether the behaviour should be copied or not. In the Bobo doll study by Bandura and his colleagues, children imitated aggressively toward the toy, but would have been likely to have used knowledge about wrong or right had they observed role models being aggressive to another person or an animal. Nor does the theory give an adequate explanation as to how social learning interacts with development. The theory cannot explain at which point in a child’s development social learning may become more or less influential on their behaviour. A final criticism of social learning theory is that it cannot explain behaviour demonstrated by children that the y have not observed. Social Learning Theory: Application to Case Study OneAssessmentAccording to the Community Care Act (1990), assessment by a social worker should be comprehensive, holistic, be needs led and include participation by both the service user and carer. Social learning theory can be applied to the assessment, planning and intervention for the family detailed in case study one in a number of different ways. The very early studies by Bandura and colleges applied social learning theory to aggression in particular. Case study one details that Jenny and Dave’s oldest child Sean exhibits aggressive behaviour at nursery. Assessment of this case using social learning theory would understand Sean’s behaviour to be a product of his environment and in particular, of the rocky and argumentative relationship that his parents have. In a study investigating the role of social learning on subsequent alcohol use and self-regulatory behaviours, Patock-Peckham et al. (2001) found that the parent ing style and behaviours of the parent who is the same sex as a child, is significantly related to that child’s self-regulation skills, which are known to be protective against alcohol use and abuse. This suggests that Sean is likely to adopt his father’s maladaptive drinking behaviours through the process of social learning. The early studies by Bandura et al. (1961, 1963) also reflected this more powerful effect of same sex models. The case study also details that Jenny was invited to attend a ‘Mother and Toddler’ group but did not take the offer up. It also appears as though neither Jenny nor Dave have integrated into their community and are not making the most of their social environment. Social learning theory can also be used to assess and understand the inharmonious relationship between Jenny and Dave, as the theory has been found to be useful in predicting intimate partner violence (Sellers, Cochran and Branch, 2005).Planning and InterventionA suitable intervention based on social learning theory would include educating both Jenny and Dave on the impact that their behaviour is likely to have on their children. Bearing in mind the finding that children tend to be more influenced by the behaviour of the parent of the same sex, Dave should be encouraged to model positive behaviours around Sean in particular and Jenny should be encouraged to attend the ‘Mother and Toddler’ group with Sarah to increase the number of positive interactions and behaviours Sarah is exposed to around other mothers and female role models. Secondly, Jenny and Dave must be encouraged to widen their social interactions in order to foster more positive social experiences, which in return should have a positive impact on their behaviours. Although her mother lives some miles away, Jenny should be encouraged to maintain contact with her in order maximise positive social interactions. It may also be advantageous to help Jenny and Dave explore how they may have learnt to deal with their marital problems using maladaptive behaviours such as verbal aggression, and to help them toward the realisation that although they may have observed significant others using these coping mechanisms, there are more adaptive techniques available to them.Social Conflict TheorySocial conflict theory is based strongly on the philosophy of the famous communist Karl Marx and holds that inequality within society is t he product of some individuals holding and actively defending a disproportionate share of society’s resources. As a result, those without many resources are controlled by those with the lion’s share. Therefore, social conflict theory sees society as greatly unequal and views social problems as the product of society’s issues, not the issues of the individual. One of the most famous empirical demonstrations of social conflict theory was by Sherif et al. (1961). A group of boys unknown to each other were randomly assigned to one of two groups and attended a summer camp. In the initial phase of the experiment, the two groups did not know of the others existence and were encouraged to bond as individual groups. Once an element of competition was introduced, each group became fiercely protective of their own group and both prejudiced and discriminatory behaviour was observed. The study demonstrated that when two groups are put in contest with each other over resource s this can trigger negative behaviours and attempts by competing groups to sabotage each other. Social conflict theory is applicable to social work because it captures the social injustices and inequalities that are often observed in this line of work. It can provide a framework for understanding why some individuals find themselves in constant financial and economic struggles and gives the social worker a better understanding of how they may change this and make a difference in people’s lives.AdvantagesUnlike many other theories, social conflict theory acknowledges the role of economics. This is especially useful for the field of social work because it avoids social workers from putting too much emphasis on the power held by the service user to make a change. It acknowledges that some elements cannot be controlled by the service user and may avoid frustration on behalf of the service user at the social worker not taking into that due to the social standing of the service user they will struggle to find employment opportunities that can change their financial situations. DisadvantagesSocial conflict theory is somewhat reductionist and does not account for the impact of individual thinking or behaviours. The theory sees individuals as a product of their socio-economic standing and cannot explain why many people from poor and deprived backgrounds go on to be successful and wealthy through hard work and determination, overcoming economic obstacles. There is empirical support for social conflict theory supporting its usefulness in aiding understanding of a number of different social constructs, including racial profiling by law-enforcement agencies (Petrocelli, Piquero and Smith, 2003). However, the theory is complex and is thus difficult to measure empirically. This is a key criticism of the theory because complexity adversely affects applicability in the real world. Social Conflict Theory: Application to Case Study OneAssessmentJenny and Dave’s situation can be assessed in the context of social conflict theory. Living in a housing estate, they are likely to be considered as belonging to the lower or working class. As a result, conflict theory would argue that their financial difficulties are due to only owning or having access to a small share of society’s resources. Dave’s employment status appears to be intermittent, which social conflict theory would argue is the result of opportunities being withheld from him by those higher up the economic ladder. The family’s lack of resources are clearly having a knock-on effect on the marriage, with Dave’s spending of the house money on gambling and drinking being a common source of arguments. Social conflict theory can also be applied to understand internal as well as external conflict. For example, high levels of parent-child conflict have been associated with child behavioural problems (El-Sheikh and Flanagan, 2001; El-Sheikh and Elmore-Stanton, 2004). Therefore, Sean’s aggressive behaviour at nursery could be a product of a perceived conflict between himself and his parents. Although Sean is young, his parents’ preoccupation with trying to cope with their poor financial situation may be interpreted by Sean as a lack of attention. This could explain why he acts poorly at nursery.Planning and InterventionBearing the principles of conflict theory in mind, intervention should take the form of enabling the family to increase their resources and the opportunities available to them. Dave should be encouraged to join some government funded courses to increase his skills and employability status. The family should be made aware of the huge number charities that of fer free and impartial advice on both debt and rent arrears. The family’s social worker should be sensitive to their economic standing and take it into account when working with them.Psychoanalytic TheoryOriginally developed by the Austrian psychiatrist Sigmund Freud, psychoanalytic theory seeks to explain how external struggles can impact upon an individual or their family to such a degree that they become internalised (Bower, 2005). The theory focuses on uniting both the strengths of an individual’s personality and available resources in order to optimise both their personal and interpersonal functioning (Hollis, 1977). Psychoanalytic theory can also be differentiated from other theories because of its inclusion of Freudian concepts such as the influence of unconscious mental processes and defence mechanisms (Brearley, 2007). One of the main principles of psychoanalytic theory is believing that our unconscious is largely responsible for our conscious actions, thought and feelings, and that awareness of these processes is rare (Greene and Uebel, 2008) Defence mechanisms can be either conscious or unconscious but are always deployed in order to help an individual avoid facing facts about themselves they perceive to be threatening (Jacobs, 2010). Contemporary psychoanalytic theory use in social work has tended to be based on ego psychology (Corey, 2000; Greene and Uebel, 2008), which emphasises the impact of our environment and the role of the ego’s problem-solving capacity in maximising adaptive behaviour. Psychoanalytic theory is applicable to social work and the assessment of service users because it embraces the social work ideal of acknowledging that both individual differences and the environment can have a negative impact on the individual. It may also help social workers to cope with difficult to manage or difficult to understand behaviour by acknowledging that some processes are unconscious on behalf of the service user.AdvantagesUnlike conflict theory that focuses on economic influences and social learning theory that focuses on social influences, psychoanalytic theory is far less reductionist meaning that it can be applied to a wider range of situations and individuals. The theory is somewhat more holistic than both social learning and conflict theory because it emphasises the importance of both internal and external factors and the influence these have on an individual’s ability to cope with everyday stresses. Indeed, early theorists argued that ego psychology in part icular struck an advantageous balance between acknowledging both individual and situational factors (Hamilton, 1958; Wood, 1971). Psychoanalytical theory has been the root of many other useful and currently practised social work models, such as transactional analysis, group therapy and crisis intervention (Trevithick, 2012). Therefore, it has had positive real-world and social work applications.DisadvantagesPsychoanalytic theory can be hard to test empirically, meaning that scientific evidence for both its validity and its effectiveness is lacking. However, it is not completely without evidence. For example, through observational methods, Beebe and Lachmann (2002) found that in support of psychoanalytic theory, infants learn much about their own emotional lives through empathically fuelled caregiver interactions. Nevertheless, Fonagy (2003) has argued that psychoanalytic theory has recently become too fragmented to be supported empirically and this fragmentation makes it a difficult theory to apply in a clinical or social work setting. This highlights another issue with psychoanalytic theory in that it is a com plex theory, which limits both its applicability and usefulness. Psychoanalytic theory is also considered to be quite controversial, although it has come a long way since the overt sexual themes pioneered by Freud. Despite being a more holistic theory, it could be argued that psychoanalytic theory does not adequately acknowledge the role of social influences in how individuals cope with their everyday life stresses. Psychoanalytic Theory: Application to Case Study OneAssessmentThere are a number of behaviours exhibited by Jenny and Dave that could be interpreted as defence mechanisms. Firstly, Dave both gambles and drinks, which causes friction between him and Jenny. Both of these behaviours could be interpreted as coping mechanisms that Dave uses to deal with the family’s financial and economic worries. Dave has said that the only thing wrong with their marriage is the â€Å"lack of intimacy† since their youngest was born. However, from an outside perspective, this is clearly an example of denial and a defence mechanism that Dave is using to avoid facing up to reality. Jenny’s spending of the household income on mail order catalogues is also a likely example of a maladaptive coping mechanism because the family cannot afford to spend money on luxuries.Planning and InterventionThe helping of others through the use of psychoanalytic theory has been described as â€Å"a correc tive emotional experience,† (Greene and Uebel, 2008, p. 64). Therefore, Jenny and Dave should be supported in developing adaptive emotional responses to the difficulties that their environment presents. They should be encouraged to externalise their financial troubles so that they do not control their emotions, which is likely to result in a continuation of negative behaviours, such as drinking, arguing and gambling. Psychoanalytic theory could be applied to this case study by helping Dave to optimise internal and more adaptive external forces to help him cope with the family’s stresses rather than turning to maladaptive behaviours, such as drinking and gambling. Dave should be encouraged to face up to the reality of the family’s situation and to explore ways in which he can cope in healthier ways. If Dave feels the need to escape now and again, he may be encouraged to take up a hobby or sport, which will give him time away from the family but avoid isolation. Conclusion Jenny and Dave’s situation can be interpreted through the use of various theories. A holistic approach in which the most applicable elements of each theory are used to help the family improve their financial and emotional well-being is recommended. References Akers, R.L., Krohn, M.D., Lanza-Kaduce, L. and Radosevich, M. (1979) Social learning and deviant behaviour: A specific test of a general theory. American Sociological Review, 44, pp. 636-655. Bandura, A., Ross, D. and Ross, S.A. (1961) Transmission of aggression through imitation of aggressive models. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 63(3), pp. 575. Bandura, A., Ross, D. and Ross, S.A. (1963) Imitation of film-mediated aggressive models. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 66(1), pp. 3-11. Beebe, B. and Lachmann, F.M. (2002) Infant research and adult treatment: Co-constructing interactions. Hillsdale, NJ: The Analytic Press. Bower, M. (2005) Psychoanalytic Theory for Social Work Practice. Oxford, UK: Routledge. Brearley, J. (2007) ‘A Psychoanalytic approach to social work,’ in: J. Lishman (ed.) Handbook of Theory for Practice Teachers, London, UK: Jessica Kingsley. Chappell, A.T. and Piquero, A.R. (2004) Applying social learning theory to police misconduct. Deviant Behavior, 25(2), pp. 89-108. Corey, G. (2000) Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy. Monterey, CA: Thomson Brooks Cole. Durkin, K.F., Wolfe, T.W. and Clark, G.A. (2005) College students and binge drinking: An evaluation of social learning theory. Sociological Spectrum, 25(3), pp. 255-272. El-Sheikh, M. and Flanagan, E. (2001) Parental problem drinking and children’s adjustment: Family conflict and parental depression as mediators and moderators of risk. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 29, pp. 417-432. El-Sheikh, M. and Elmore-Stanton, L. (2004) The link between marital conflict and child-adjustment: Parent-child conflict and perceived attachments as mediators, potentiators, and mitigators of risk. Development and Psychopathology, 16, pp. 631-648. Fonagy, P. (2033) Some complexities in the relationship of psychoanalytic theory to technique. Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 72(1), pp. 13-47. Foshee, V.A., Bauman, K.E. and Linder, G.F. (1999) Family violence and the perpetration of adolescent dating violence: Examining social learning and social control processes. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 61(2), pp. 331-342. Greene, R.R. and Uebel, M. (2008) ‘Classical psychoanalytic thought, contemporary developments, and clinical social work practice,’ in: R.R. Greene (ed.) Human Behavior Theory and Social Work Practice, Edison, NJ: Transaction Publishers. Hamilton, G. (1958) ‘A theory of personality: Freud’s contribution to social work,’ in: H.J. Parad (ed.) Ego, Psychology and Casework Theory, New York, NY: Family Service of America. Higgins, E. (2006) Gender differences in software piracy: The mediating roles of self-control theory and social learning theory. Journal of Economic Crime Management, 4(1), pp. 1-30. Hollis, F. (1977) Social casework: the psychosocial approach. Encyclopedia of Social Work. Washington: National Association of Social Workers. Jacobs, M. (2010) Psychodynamic Counselling in Action. London, UK: Sage. Patock-Peckham, J.A., Cheong, J., Balhorn, M.E. and Nagoshi, C.T. (2001) Social learning perspective: A model of parenting styles, self-regulation, perceived drinking control, and alcohol use and problems. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 25(9), pp. 1284-1292. Petrocelli, M., Piquero, A.R. and Smith, M.R. (2003) Conflict theory and racial profiling: An empirical analysis of police traffic stop data. Journal of Criminal Justice, 31, pp. 1-11. Pratt, T.C., Cullen, F.T., Sellers, C.S., Winfree Jr., L.T., Madensen, T.D., Daigle, L.E., Fearn, N.E. and Gau, J.M. (2010) The empirical status of social learning theory: A meta-analysis. Justice Quarterly, 27(6), pp. 765-802. Sellers, C.S., Cochran, J.K. and Branch, K.A. (2005) Social learning theory and partner violence. A research note. Deviant Behaviour, 26(4), pp. 379-395. Sherif, M., Harvey, O.J., White, B.J., Hood, W.R. and Sherif, C.W. (1961) Intergroup conflict and cooperaton: The Robbers Cave experiment (Vol.10). Norman, OK: University Book Exchange. Skinner, B.F. (1948) Superstition in the pigeon. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 38(2), pp. 168. Skinner, B.F. (1958) Reinforcement today. American Psychologist, 13(3), pp. 94. Trevithick, P. (2012) Social Work Skills and Knowledge: A Practice Handbook. Maidenhead, UK: Open University Press. Trotter, J. and Leech, N. (2003) Linking research, theory and practice in personal and professional development: gender and sexuality issues in social work education. Social Work Education, 22(2), pp. 203-214. Webb, S.A. (2001) Some considerations on the validity of evidence-based practice in social work. British Journal of Social Work, 31, pp. 57-79. Wood, K.M. (1971) ‘The contribution to psychoanalysis and ego psychology,’ in: H.S. Strean (ed.) Social Casework Theory in Action, Metuchen, NJL Scarecrow.

The Women’s Rights in Jackson Era

â€Å"Meekness, humility, gentleness, love, purity, self-renunciation, subjection of will†¦. The fairest flowers, which our fallen world can produce,† woman†s virtues, according to the most acceptable definition of the natural order in society (Melder 2). Men and women occupied totally different social situations. Between 1815 and 1840 the circumstances of women†s lives changed in a number of ways, especially in education, under law, and in the attitudes influencing woman†s social status. The most significant phase of American women†s education before 1850 was the female seminary movement, which in it†s serious phase began about 1815. Emma Willard, the founder of one of the earliest seminaries wrote the first â€Å"comprehensive design for a female institution of learning to be circulated in America, Plan for Improving Female Education (Melder 16). In 1821, she began The Troy Female Seminary which became one of the most advanced and famous institutions for educating women in the United States. Catherine Beecher, like Emma Willard, â€Å"sought to change the emphasis in the curriculum from fashionable subjects to more substantial courses, including, Latin, philosophy, history, chemistry, and mathematics. She created The Hartford Female Seminary, considered a model building â€Å"with it†s large hall seating 150 pupils at writing desks, a library, dressing room, and nine recitation rooms†(Davis 399). One of the most useful contributions of the seminary movements before 1850 centered around making school teaching a major vocation for women. Women replaced men as teachers first in the New England states during the 1830s, and spread through other regions in the 1840s. â€Å"School reformers believed that the introduction of women teacher would not only be economical, but that the influx of females would raise the quality of instruction†(Melder 25). Education gave women practical experience in leadership as well as examples to follow, yet produced a double standard in learning, limited opportunities to use their new knowledge, and the pattern of unequal pay for the same work as men. Further evidence of the changing status of American women may be found in the law. According to Blackstone†s interpretation of women†s legal condition, â€Å"By marriage, the husband and wife are one person in law, that is, the very being, or legal existence of the woman is suspended during the marriage† offering women little freedom (Melder 120). But in 1823, Maine gave legal protection to the property rights and personal independence of married women who had been deserted by their husbands, and Massachusetts followed in 1835. Then in New York in 1836, came an early proposal to give married women the right to hold independent property. While not many other legal firsts were granted to the women†s cause, during the 1830s, American women participated in a series of reform movements which included the use of strong drink, education, and the issue of slavery; each of which would benefit the well-being of the woman†s cause. Women were finally involved in the formation of meetings, circulating pamphlets and newsletters, while gaining a new since of sisterhood and intellectual independence. Socially, woman†s position began to change considerably. â€Å"After 1800, middle class American women apparently developed a distinct sense of their appropriate sphere†(Melder 7). Women were to elevate the intellectual character of her household [and] kindle the fires of mental activity in early childhood†(Graves 402). The private home was now the woman†s domain in keeping the peace and â€Å"practical piety†(Melder 8). Woman†s crowning glory was motherhood; â€Å"in the bearing, nursing, and rearing of her offspring, she could most fully carry out the responsibilities of her appropriate sphere†(Melder 9). â€Å"The relations between mother and child might hold a key to the solution of many social and moral ills, and perhaps the future of the nation itself†(Davis 22). While Elizabeth Cady Stanton omits the word â€Å"obey† from her marriage vows, women would be assigned to â€Å"conserve the moral and religious values, especially to transmit these values to succeeding generations†(Melder 143). Women were still considered second class citizens, sub-sets of their husbands, and limited mostly to the home and care of the children; much less given any real or significant rights. Women were considered mere objects of beauty, and were looked upon as intellectually and physically inferior to men. The struggle for women†s rights was a product of change, challenging conventional attitudes, demanding the end of restrictions, expanding opportunities for women, and helping to organize them nationally. The movement†s purposes, momentous yet simple, were described by an advocate in 1840: â€Å"I shall claim nothing for ourselves because of our sex, we should demand our recognition as equal members of the human family. The term â€Å"Woman†s Rights† will become obsolete, for none will entertain the idea that the rights of women differ from the rights of men. It is then human rights for which we contend†(Davis 158).